Skip to main content

Understanding Large Language Models (LLMs) Using First-Principles Thinking

Instead of memorizing AI jargon, let’s break down Large Language Models (LLMs) from first principles—starting with the most fundamental questions and building up from there.

Step 1: What is Intelligence?

Before we talk about AI, let’s define intelligence at the most basic level:

  • Intelligence is the ability to understand, learn, and generate meaningful responses based on patterns.
  • Humans do this by processing language, recognizing patterns, and forming logical connections.

Now, let’s apply this to machines.

Step 2: Can Machines Imitate Intelligence?

If intelligence is about recognizing patterns and generating responses, then in theory, a machine can simulate intelligence by:

  1. Storing and processing vast amounts of text.
  2. Finding statistical patterns in language.
  3. Predicting what comes next based on probability.

This leads us to the core function of LLMs: They don’t think like humans, but they generate human-like text by learning from data.

Step 3: How Do LLMs Work?

Now, let’s break down how an LLM actually functions in first principles:

  1. Data Collection: The model is trained on massive amounts of text (books, articles, code, etc.).
  2. Tokenization: Text is broken down into small pieces called "tokens" (words or parts of words).
  3. Pattern Learning: The model learns how words and phrases relate to each other statistically.
  4. Probability-Based Predictions: When you type a prompt, the LLM predicts the most likely next word based on learned patterns.
  5. Fine-Tuning & Feedback: The model improves over time based on human feedback and additional training.

At its core, an LLM is just a super-advanced pattern recognizer, not a true thinker.

Step 4: What Are the Limitations?

By applying first principles, we can see the weaknesses of LLMs:

  • No True Understanding: They don’t “know” anything—just predict based on patterns.
  • Bias in Data: Since models learn from human data, they inherit biases.
  • Limited Reasoning: LLMs struggle with complex logic and deep reasoning.

These insights help learners understand what LLMs can and cannot do.

Step 5: Practical Takeaways for a Learner

If you're learning about LLMs, here’s what truly matters:
✅ Think of LLMs as probability engines, not thinking machines.
✅ Focus on how they generate responses, not just their output.
✅ Understand their limitations to use them effectively.

By using First-Principles Thinking, you don’t just memorize AI concepts—you deeply understand them.

Labels:

Popular

AI, Languages and Neuro-Kernels

“A radical rethinking of OS architecture for the age of AI: from legacy kernels to self-optimizing neuro-kernels powered by contextual intelligence.” I believe that the future will ditch Linux and Windows because AI will create it's own kernel that's ready to be fused with AI model to become neuro-kernel. Why? Because they were not created for AI. They were created several decades ago when LLM wasn’t even a phrase. They were born out of necessity, not intention — a way to make silicon respond to keyboards, screens, and human commands. Over time, they adapted: adding graphical user interfaces like Window User Interface and desktop environments of Linux, supporting mobile devices such as Android and iOS, and surviving by bolting on complexity, you get the gist. But at their core, they are still human-first operating systems, not built for real-time machine reasoning, context shifts, or model-to-model communication. Now Let's Talk Inefficiencies The inefficiencies are baked in...
Read more

Always Remind Yourself of the Simple and Content Life

Life often moves at a relentless pace, filled with responsibilities, ambitions, and distractions. In the midst of it all, it’s easy to overlook the profound beauty of simplicity—those quiet moments of contentment that, in hindsight, hold the most value. This sentiment is captured in the presence of a grandchild, a reminder of life’s purest joys. A child’s laughter, their innocent curiosity, and the way they find wonder in the smallest things serve as a gentle nudge to pause and appreciate what truly matters. This photograph, then, is more than just an image; it’s a time capsule of love and gratitude. It reminds me that a life lived with simplicity and contentment is not something to take for granted but rather to cherish deeply.
Read more

dedon island resort, philippines amongst the dream hotel to visit before you die

from matadornetwork.com (which is also credited for the picture below), found, i, the 48 epic dream hotel to visit before you die  which, i would say, is worth reading (and watching the pictures). what hit me though is the dedon island resort: a resort in my own country which i didn't even know existed. so, without further ado - DEDON ISLAND RESORT
Read more